South Dakota EMS Protocols Practice Exam

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• What is the compression to ventilation ratio for a newborn?
• In trauma care, what is the recommended approach to spinal precautions?
• During febrile seizures, which action is recommended?
• Which of the following is a major symptom of decompression illness to consider?
• During a seizure, what is an essential action?
• Who can remove taser barbs?
• Which item is included in the S-132 decompression illness protocol?
• What is the normal heart rate range for a child aged 12-15 years?
• What is a double footling breech?
• Suspected hypoglycemia: If patient is awake and able to manage oral secretions, how many grams of oral glucose should be given?
• Which BEFAST component assesses speech problems?
• For a snakebite, which action is specifically recommended regarding the bitten limb?
• In a difficult delivery, which actions are indicated?
• BRUE is an episode involving an infant younger than how many months?
• Which statement best describes oxygen therapy in these BLS protocols?
• Where would you transport a pregnant pediatric trauma patient?
• Which of the following lists both Perilaryngeal Airway Adjunct options?
• Shoulder dystocia: what is the recommended maneuver?
• Prolapsed cord: what is the recommended management?
• For impaled objects in trauma, what is the recommended action?
• Which catchment is located north of the 94 and East of the 805?
• Which of the following is included in the heat stroke protocol?
• Which protocol should be followed for stroke and TIA under BLS?
• What does FASTED stand for?
• Under cold exposure protocol, which statement about CPR may be indicated?
• For patients 15 years or older, unstable status is defined by SBP below 90 mmHg plus any of the following signs of inadequate perfusion. Which list best fits?
• POISONING / OVERDOSE - Skin contamination, which step is included?
• What does LEADSD stand for in airway management documentation?
• Burns due to toxic inhalation: which initial action is included in the protocol?
• According to the Rule of Nines, in the pediatric population, the head and neck accounts for what percentage of BSA?
• In a full-term newborn with good tone and breathing, which step should be used to clear excessive secretions?
• What is considered hypotensive for patients aged 10 years or older?
• Which of the following is a burn center criterion?
• Naloxone is ineffective (and therefore contraindicated) for patients in which condition?
• What is the normal heart rate range for a child aged 6 months to 3 years?
• The Scripps Mercy Hillcrest Trauma Catchment is located relative to the freeways as:
• In cold exposure, what should be avoided?
• Which of the following is NOT a component of the allergic reaction/anaphylaxis protocol?
• Which item is included in the BLS treatment for shock?
• Which statement correctly matches nebulizer flow rates for handheld and mask devices?
• In the infant Motor Response scale, which score corresponds to 'Spontaneous' movement?
• In suspected hypoglycemia, if unconscious?
• In a patient with a ventricular assist device (VAD), what action should be performed during BLS?
• What does NSAIDS stand for?
• Low ETCO2 (<35 mmHg) most commonly indicates which physiological change?
• Which hospital would be contacted for pediatric trauma center criteria?
• In blunt traumatic arrest, what action is recommended regarding pronouncement?
• In the adult Glasgow Coma Scale, which description corresponds to the Eye Opening score of 4?
• During a routine delivery, if the placenta has delivered, what is the initial step you should take?
• At what weight should a pediatric patient be given the adult epinephrine dose?
• What ventilation rate is used in BLS trauma protocols?
• Naloxone may be given to a pediatric patient only if they weigh at least 35 kg.
• In tar burns, which action is recommended regarding the tar itself?
• For a routine delivery, if the placenta has delivered, what should EMS do?
• Which of the following is a minor symptom of decompression illness?
• To which facility should pediatric trauma patients be transported?
• Who should you contact for burn center criteria?
• What is considered hypotensive for patients 1 year - 10 years? Which threshold would apply to a 4-year-old?
• For a pregnant patient at or beyond six months, with spinal motion restriction indicated, what positioning adjustment is recommended?
• Which of the following is NOT a component of the APGAR score?
• In the adult Rule of Nines, what percentage does the anterior trunk (front torso) represent?
• What is a prolapsed cord?
• For a newborn with HR <100, poor respiratory effort or persistent central cyanosis, what is the initial action?
• During a obstetrical emergency with imminent delivery, which action should you take if time for transport is limited?
• What is the normal end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) range?
• In suspected opioid withdrawal or opioid use disorder, which action is included in BLS protocol?
• What is the purpose of the Time component in BEFAST?
• What is the only supraglottic airway approved for prehospital use in San Diego County?
• Which measure helps prevent hypothermia in trauma patients?
• If a newborn with persistent cyanosis after correct BVM technique and HR remains below 100, what should be added?
• Which BEFAST component assesses vision changes?
• After a routine delivery, what documentation should EMS complete and provide to the parent?
• Which of the following is a burn center criterion?
• Who should you contact for pediatric patients meeting trauma center criteria?
• What are normal vital signs for newborn to 6 months?
• Infants restrained in a rear-facing car seat may be immobilized and extricated in the car seat if:
• In cold exposure, which guideline applies when the patient is alert?
• Which symptom is NOT typical of epiglottitis?
• In a mass casualty incident, regarding bleeding control on an extremity, what is the protocol for direct pressure before tourniquet application?
• Where is the epigastric region located?
• Which of the following is a sign of suspected adult sepsis?
• Which trauma center criterion category includes mechanism of injury (MOI) criteria?
• If you are using a pulse oximeter on a neonate post-delivery, which hand do you use?
• After delivery during a routine birth, when should you clamp and cut the umbilical cord?
• Where should all diving victim patients be transported?
• During respiratory distress, carboxyhemoglobin monitoring may be performed under what condition?
• Which of the following is not listed as a skin sign in allergic reactions?
• In abdominal trauma, which step is specifically used for an eviscerated bowel?
• For thermal burns with less than 10% BSA, which action is recommended?
• In psychiatric or behavioral emergencies, which restraint policy is indicated?
• Which action is included in the BLS treatment for SHOCK?
• What are the two naloxone dosage methods described?
• In chest trauma, how should an open chest wound be managed?
• Which catchment is located south of the 94 and East of the 805?
• Ingestion poisoning, what should you transport with the patient?
• Which presenting part defines a frank breech?
• Which feature is typical of croup?
• Which BEFAST component assesses unilateral weakness of arms and/or legs?
• In abdominal trauma, what is recommended for an exposed eviscerated bowel?
• In the event of skin contamination from poisoning or overdose, what is the initial BLS step?
• Toxic inhalation - which of the following is recommended?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a step in third-trimester bleeding management?
• The UCSD Hillcrest Trauma Catchment is described as being:
• Should a helmet be removed from a sports injury patient?
• Which term in NSAIDS refers to a distracting injury?
• In pediatric pain management, which action is included?
• Which hospital serves as the backup pediatric trauma center when the primary pediatric center is unavailable?
• In sepsis care, what is the purpose of NPO?
• Which are the three components of the Glasgow Coma Scale?
• Under what blood sugar (BS) is a neonate considered hypoglycemic?
• Which action regarding maintaining warmth is recommended in trauma care?
• What is the primary BLS treatment for hyperthermia from suspected stimulant intoxication?
• Which statement correctly describes the pediatric hypotension thresholds across age ranges?
• At what heart rate should you be performing chest compressions on a newborn?
• Where is the periumbilical region located?
• You can give nitroglycerin to a patient if the systolic blood pressure is at or above which value?
• What is the flow rate for a neb mask?
• In the BLS trauma protocols, what is the target oxygen saturation to maintain?
• Which statement is true about BRUE assessment and transport?
• What is a nuchal cord?
• Which hospital is NOT listed as a STEMI hospital?
• Allergic reaction management steps: which is included?
• If third-trimester bleeding with crowning and pushing and no time for transport, what should EMS do?
• When would you obtain APGAR?
• In a patient with eclampsia during seizures, which of the following is recommended?
• How do you palpate a heart rate for a neonate post-delivery?
• For a nuchal cord, what is the recommended action?
• What is the route for the pediatric epinephrine auto-injector dose?
• Which device is a retroglottic airway?
• What are the four routes of allergen exposure?
• How many seconds after delivery do you clamp and cut the umbilical cord?
• Toxic inhalation (e.g., CO exposure) burns: which is recommended?
• What is the normal respiratory rate for a child aged 4-5 years?
• When treating thermal burns, which of the following statements is best practice?
• During eclampsia seizures, which safety action is recommended?
• During a difficult delivery, which combination of actions is recommended?
• During restraint, which documentation is required every 15 minutes?
• In trauma care, what is the target SpO2 range?
• What is recommended for cold exposure in environmental exposure protocols?
• Which is NOT one of the five rights of medication administration?
• For a patient with a total artificial heart (TAH), what is the recommended action?
• In drowning, what is the recommended approach if cardiac arrest occurs?
• Which of the following is a tissue sign seen in allergic reactions?
• Which of the following categories is not listed as a sign category in suspected anaphylaxis?
• Compression-to-ventilation ratio for neonates is?
• For patients 14 years or younger, instability is indicated by which sign?
• In a conscious pediatric patient with airway obstruction, which action is recommended first?
• For a patient with suspected cardiac-origin pain, what is the target oxygen saturation range?
• Chemical burns: what is the initial action?
• What is the recommended transport action for suspected symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a major symptom of decompression illness?
• During toxic inhalation management, which monitor is recommended if available?
• For a pregnant patient at 6 months gestation or more with trauma and spinal motion restriction indicated, which position is recommended?
• ADULT: What are the BLS treatment protocols for SEPSIS?
• When testing motor function as part of PMS, which statement best describes how to test?
• Which statement is part of the adult BLS CPR protocol regarding compressions and ventilations?
• Which of the following is a recommended component of pediatric BLS CPR?
• When should you remove an impaled object?
• APGAR scoring occurs at which times?
• For chemical burns, what is the initial treatment?
• Which action is recommended when opioid withdrawal or opioid use disorder is suspected?
• In symptomatic suspected opioid overdose, which action is not recommended?
• In a prolapsed cord, what steps should EMS take?
• Which action is specifically emphasized for heat stroke as part of the protocol?
• For thermal burns less than 10% BSA, what is recommended to stop the burning?
• Where would you transport a pediatric patient presenting with stroke symptoms?
• For bleeding control in abdominal or chest trauma, which adjunct is recommended?
• In suspected stroke or TIA, when should initial hospital notification be made to confirm destination?
• What is BEFAST used for in prehospital care?
• Which action should be performed in sepsis assessment?
• What is a frank breech?
• Which age defines an adult trauma patient?
• Which statement is recommended for airway support in sepsis?
• Snakebite protocol includes which action?
• POISONING / OVERDOSE - Ingestions, which step is included?
• How do you know a tourniquet is tight enough?
• What is the normal heart rate range for a child aged 10-12 years?
• What documentation should be completed after a birth on scene?
• In the adult Motor Response scoring, which description corresponds to decorticate (abnormal flexion) in response to painful stimulus?
• What is the compression rate for neonates?
• In BRUE management, which transport is indicated for a symptomatic patient?
• In the initial care of a full-term newborn with good tone and breathing, besides keeping warm, which step is essential?
• What is the recommended ventilation rate during CPR for adults and children?
• What is the recommended first aid for stingray or sculpin injuries?
• Screening tools used for stroke recognition include BEFAST and FASTED. Which statement is true?
• How should you position a pregnant patient (>6 months) who requires spinal motion restrictions?
• Which BEFAST component assesses facial weakness?
• LBRT is used for what purpose?
• Which two OB emergencies might require inserting a gloved hand into the vagina?
• During respiratory distress, how should the patient be transported?
• What are normal vital signs for: 6 - 8 years?
• For a conscious patient with airway obstruction, what is the initial action?
• Stingray injury management includes immersion in hot water.
• Which of the following is a sign of heat exhaustion?
• What is the standard airway management step across trauma protocols?
• Tar burns management includes which step?
• Which hospital is NOT listed as a Stroke hospital?
• Why would we want to bring a witness with us during a STROKE / TIA call?
• Hemostatic gauze should be applied with a minimum of how many minutes of direct pressure?
• What is the normal systolic blood pressure threshold for a child aged 12-15 years?
• For a patient with a ventricular assist device (VAD), what is the recommended action during CPR?
• In suspected anaphylaxis, which of the following is a respiratory sign?
• Breech birth: what is the recommended action?
• Which cooling method is recommended for heat exhaustion?
• In BLS airway obstruction for an unconscious patient, what is the recommended first action?
• In pediatric pain management, which non-pharmacologic measure is included?
• Which hospital serves as the adult catchment area trauma center?
• When should you use a nebulizer?
• How many NTG doses may be given?
• If the designated pediatric trauma center is on bypass, pediatric trauma patients should be delivered to which hospital?
• In pain management within BLS protocols, which action is included?
• For thermal burns greater than 10% BSA, what is recommended?
• Which action should be taken when epinephrine is administered for anaphylaxis?
• During drowning management, which action is included?
• In any suspicion of neurological injury, which action is recommended if SpO2 < 90% or hypoventilation occurs despite high-flow oxygen?
• In the pediatric Rule of Nines, the head and neck accounts for which percentage of BSA?
• During suspected cardiac origin pain, which action may you assist with?
• Which statement best describes the treatment for heat stroke?
• What is considered high blood sugar per SD protocols?
• For a patient with a total artificial heart (TAH), what should you do during BLS?
• Which action is NOT recommended for a pediatric patient with suspected epiglottitis?
• In a newborn with a heart rate of 100 beats per minute or higher and signs of respiratory distress or central cyanosis, what is the initial treatment?
• Which step is common to heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and cold exposure protocols?
• What is the only retroglottic airway approved for prehospital use in San Diego County?
• Aside from BEFAST/FASTED, what is another common symptom of stroke / TIA?
• Inadequate air exchange due to airway obstruction, which maneuver is used for obese or pregnant patients?
• Which sign indicates altered mental status in a patient aged 1 month to 1 year with suspected sepsis?
• For a grossly angulated long bone fracture with no pulse or sensation, which action is recommended?
• What is the treatment option for an allergic reaction/anaphylaxis in the BLS protocol?
• What is the recommended treatment for a croup-like cough in the BLS protocol?
• Which action is included in the BLS postpartum hemorrhage management protocol?
• Which statement about ETCO2 levels is true?
• Elevated ETCO2 (>45 mmHg) can be a sign of which condition?
• What is the route and dosage of nitroglycerin in this protocol?
• When should you contact BH?
• For jellyfish envenomation, which action is indicated if antivenin is available on site?
• In APGAR scoring, which of the following correctly describes the A (Appearance) scoring?
• What is the minimum duration of direct pressure when applying combat gauze?
• In pediatric stroke, where should the patient be transported?
• Angioedema in anaphylaxis typically involves which tissues?
• In APGAR scoring, what does 'A' (Activity) score of 1 indicate?
• In BLS trauma care for extremity injuries, which action is used to control external bleeding?
• What is a pediatric patient defined as?
• What is the age range for an infant?
• What is visible during a breech birth?
• Under what blood sugar (BS) is an adult or pediatric patient considered hypoglycemic?
• In trauma management, what SpO2 should be maintained?
• Seizures: Which action should you perform to protect the patient during a seizure?
• What is the purpose of placing identification bands on mother and newborn during obstetrical care?
• Children restrained in a car seat (with a high back) may be immobilized and extricated in the car seat; however, once removed from the vehicle, the child should be placed in:
• For a full-term newborn with HR ≥100 and respiratory distress or central cyanosis, which intervention is recommended?
• What is the initial treatment for suspected anaphylaxis?
• Frank breech or double footling with imminent delivery and long transport: what is the correct approach?
• Compression-to-ventilation ratio for pediatrics is?
• In the infant Glasgow Coma Scale, what does an Eye Opening score of 3 indicate?
• How often should rescuers switch compressors during CPR?
• In a birth with a nuchal cord, which action is recommended?
• What are the two shockable rhythms in cardiac arrest?
• In pediatric assessment, NECK is an acronym used to determine the need for SMR. If NECK is positive, then there is NO NEED for SMR. Which statement best reflects this?
• If a patient with airway obstruction becomes unconscious, what is the recommended action?
• What is the compression rate for a newborn?
• Which condition can mimic a stroke, and warrants obtaining a blood glucose in suspected stroke calls?
• Which statement best describes PMS after testing?
• In extremity trauma, which treatment is recommended?
• In drowning with cardiac arrest, which action is emphasized?
• Which hospital is listed as pediatric-only trauma care?
• What is the maximum temperature for heat application in jellyfish sting treatment?
• In management of discomfort/pain of suspected cardiac origin, at what systolic blood pressure may you assist with self-administered prescribed NTG?
• BRUE stands for and four signs?
• What is FASTED used for?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a caution criterion for intramuscular epinephrine administration?
• A P score of 2 indicates a heart rate that is:
• For shoulder dystocia, what maneuver is described in the protocol?
• Which of the following is NOT part of the postpartum hemorrhage management protocol?
• What is the aspirin dose and route for suspected cardiac origin?
• A pediatric trauma patient is defined as a patient who is 14 years of age or younger. Which option reflects that definition?
• For thermal burns greater than 10% BSA, which treatment is appropriate?
• In a newborn with HR <60, which sequence of actions is recommended?
• In APGAR scoring, which of the following correctly describes the G (Grimace) scoring?
• Where should you monitor the newborn's oxygen saturation?
• Which action is NOT part of postpartum hemorrhage management?
• What is the adult dose and route for epinephrine auto-injector?
• Which action is correct when you have both a pediatric and an adult trauma patient and the adult patient is more critical?
• Which of the following is a category of trauma center criteria?
• What is the pediatric dose and route of epinephrine for an emergency use auto-injector in a patient who weighs 15–33 kg (33–73 lb)?
• For a premature newborn delivered with no signs of life and gestational age less than 24 weeks, what is the CPR guideline?
• In the BLS protocol for envenomation injuries (snakebite), if antivenin is available on site, what should you do?
• In APGAR scoring, which of the following correctly describes the P (Pulse) scoring?
• What does APGAR stand for?
• Shoulder dystocia occurs when what occurs during birth?
• Who should you contact for patients meeting trauma center criteria?
• Which monitoring device is available PRN during respiratory distress management such as croup or bronchiolitis?
• For a premature and/or low birth weight newborn, if the amniotic sac remains intact after delivery, what is the recommended action?
• Which transport sequence is correct when you have both a pediatric and an adult trauma patient and the pediatric patient is more critical?
• In adult BLS CPR, when should an AED be applied?
• What is the term for a cord wrapped around the baby's neck?
• What is NECK and what does it stand for in pediatric assessment?
• In suspected anaphylaxis, which symptom is categorized as GI involvement?
• Which of the following is not a breech presentation type described in obstetric emergencies?
• In the infant Glasgow Coma Scale, what is the Verbal Response score of 5?
• What should you do when a patient is in respiratory arrest?
• Which action supports maternal thermoregulation during postpartum hemorrhage management?
• During adult sepsis protocol, what should be done with a transdermal patch if present?
• What is the recommended chest compression rate during CPR for adults?
• In adults, what does the Verbal Response score of 5 indicate?
• In respiratory distress, EMTs may assist a patient with their prescribed MDI how many times?
• After obstruction is removed in a pediatric airway obstruction, what should you do next?
• For a frank breech or double footling with imminent delivery and long transport, what should EMS do?
• Which hospital is the adult catchment area trauma center?
• Which action is an appropriate initial step in BLS burn treatment?
• If there is suspicion of neurological injury and the patient has SpO2 below 90% despite high-flow oxygen, which action is indicated?
• In APGAR scoring, what does 'R' (Reflex irritability) score of 1 indicate?
• What are normal vital signs for 6 months to 3 years?
• Which statement is true regarding management of altered neurologic function?
• Which device is recommended to help maintain correct CPR rate during adult BLS CPR?
• Stroke/TIA: which step is included in the S-123 BLS protocol?
• For a newborn with gestational age less than 24 weeks and no signs of life at birth, what is the recommended action?
• Which catchment is located south of the 94 and West of the 805?
• In a child under 2 years with suspected bronchiolitis and no prior albuterol use, which action is recommended?
• What is the Glasgow Coma Scale used to assess?
• What is the normal systolic blood pressure for a child aged 8-10 years?
• Which action is explicitly listed as part of the BLS protocol for non-traumatic abdominal discomfort?
• What are normal vital signs for: 12 - 15 years?
• Which scenario would warrant nebulizer use?
• Which hospital would you contact as the backup pediatric trauma center when the designated pediatric center is unavailable?
• What is the flow rate for a handheld neb?
• In chest trauma, what is the recommended management for an open chest wound?
• What are normal vital signs for: 4 - 5 years?
• In BLS trauma care, how should an impaled object in the face or neck be managed?
• How many times can EMTs give epinephrine auto-injector or assist with albuterol MDI before BH contact is required?
• What is the age range for a neonate?
• Which action is NOT part of the BLS protocol for psychiatric emergencies?
• Spinal stabilization in penetrating trauma to head, neck, and torso should be used only if there is one or more of the following findings: neurologic deficit, priapism, or anatomic deformity.
• In adults, what does the Motor Response score of 6 indicate?
• What are normal vital signs for: 8 - 10 years?
• What is shoulder dystocia?
• What are normal vital signs for: 10 - 12 years?
• After airway obstruction is removed in a conscious patient, what steps follow?
• In symptomatic suspected opioid overdose in adults, respirations are less than how many breaths per minute?
• Which action is included in the BLS protocol for abdominal discomfort / GI / GU (non-traumatic)?
• Which monitoring may be used in ingestion poisoning if available?
• Spinal motion restriction may be implemented in which protocol?
• In suspected neurological injury, which vital signs should be monitored every 3-5 minutes?
• Unconscious patient with suspected hypoglycemia: what should be done regarding oral intake?
• In trauma care, how is spinal motion restriction described?
• Which value correctly defines neonatal hypoglycemia?
• Can EMTs transport a patient with an established electrolyte and/or glucose-containing peripheral IV line?
• Which statement differentiates unstable criteria by age group?
• In a third-trimester bleeding scenario, what is the recommended EMS action?
• For a 7-year-old, hypotension is SBP less than which value?
• How often should you assess a stable newborn?
• For a newborn with a heart rate less than 100 bpm and poor respiratory effort or persistent central cyanosis, which action should be added if cyanosis persists despite correct BVM technique?
• Children restrained in a booster seat (without a back) should:
• Which action is included in the BLS protocol for stroke/TIA when symptoms are less than 24 hours in duration?
• Which of the following is a common finding in symptomatic opioid overdose?
• In traumatic cardiac arrest due to blunt trauma, which on-scene action may be considered?
• Which action is explicitly recommended for maintaining warmth in a full-term newborn?
• Which of the following is the initial oxygen therapy for decompression illness?
• Rule of Palms: The surface of the patient's palm is approximately what percent of total body surface area?
• Which cooling method is recommended for heat exhaustion?
• In a patient who has been tased, under which condition should you leave the barb in place and transport rather than removing it?
• During PMS testing, which component includes testing sensation in all four extremities?
• Spinal Motion Restriction is not required if ALL of the following are negative except for:
• Which statement best describes the purpose of placing a premature/low birth weight neonate in a plastic bag up to the axilla after delivery?
• For penetrating traumatic arrest, what is the initial recommended action?
• Third-trimester bleeding - immediate action?
• What is a primary action in BLS obstetrical emergencies regarding the airway?
• Should you administer aspirin to a patient with chest discomfort even if the pain has resolved?
• If unable to ventilate effectively during CPR for an unconscious patient, what should you do?
• What does PMS stand for and how do you test for it?
• In suspected hypoglycemia, if the patient is awake and able to manage oral secretions, what is recommended?
• In a breech birth, what is the recommended action?
• In a newborn with a heart rate less than 60 bpm, what is the recommended chest compression rate?
• In symptomatic suspected opioid OD, EMTs may assist family or friend to medicate with which naloxone?
• LBRT is used for determining the length for calculation of pediatric drug dosages and equipment sizes.
• What is considered hypotensive for patients 1 month - 1 year (infants)?
• Which action is included in the treatment protocol for a full-term newborn with good tone and breathing?
• What is considered hypotensive for patients <1 month (neonates)?
• In sports injuries, what is the correct on-scene procedure for helmet and shoulder pads if the patient is helmeted and/or shoulder padded?
• In the poisoning/overdose protocol for ingestions, which step should be performed?
• Which airway maneuver is recommended for an infant under 1 year with airway obstruction and inadequate air exchange?
• Which age category is neonates?
• For a jellyfish sting, which immediate action is recommended to remove stingers?
• In obstetrical emergencies involving eclampsia seizures, what is the first priority for BLS management?
• Which practice is part of the BLS treatment for a child with a croup-like cough?
• A pediatric trauma patient is determined by what criterion?
• For suspected carbon monoxide poisoning, what transport consideration is noted?
• The Sharp Memorial Trauma Catchment is located relative to the freeways as:
• What does BEFAST stand for?